Comparison of the Concept of Politeness in Language in a Pragmatic Perspective: A Literature Review of the Theories of Politeness Strategy

Abstract

This study examines the comparative conceptualization of language politeness in a pragmatic perspective through a systematic literature study approach to contemporary politeness strategy theories. A descriptive qualitative methodology was used to analyze academic publications for the 2020-2024 period related to linguistic politeness. The findings reveal that the Brown- Levinson theory remains the dominant paradigm, but it requires adaptation to diverse cultural and situational contexts. Comparative analysis shows significant variability in the implementation of politeness strategies based on communication medium, social hierarchy, and cultural orientation. The context of digital communication presents new challenges that require theoretical reformulation to accommodate the unique characteristics of virtual interactions. The theoretical implications point to the need to develop an integrative model that harmonizes universal principles with local particularities in the analysis of pragmatic linguistic politeness. The findings indicate that Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness continues to serve as the dominant paradigm in politeness research due to its structured categorization of positive and negative politeness strategies. However, despite its enduring influence, the theory shows limitations when applied to diverse cultural and situational contexts, particularly in non-Western societies where norms of interpersonal interaction often diverge from its original assumptions.